——

@) UNITED NATIONS . SS Office on Drugs and Crime

2006

WORLD DRUG REPORT

Volume 2: Statistics

The Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (UNODCCP) became the Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on 1 October 2002. The Office on Drugs and Crime includes the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP).

United Nations Publication Sales No. E.06.XI.10 ISBN 92-1-148215-1

Volume 2

The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this book do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

This publication has not been formally edited.

2006

WORLD DRUG REPORT

Volume 2: Statistics

Contents

Volume I. Analysis

CHAPTER 1:

CHAPTER 2:

Preface Introduction

Explanatory notes

Executive Summary TRENDS IN WORLD DRUG MARKETS

1.1 Evolution of the drug problem 1.2 The outlook for world drug markets 1.3. Opium / Heroin market 1.3.1 Production 1.3.2 Trafficking 1.3.3. Abuse 1.4 Coca / Cocaine market 1.4.1 Production 1.4.2 Trafficking 1.4.3. Abuse 1.5 Cannabis market 1.5.1 Production 1.5.2 Trafficking 1.5.3. Abuse 1.6 Amphetamine-type stimulants market 1.6.1 Production 1.6.2 Trafficking 1.6.3 Abuse

CANNABIS: WHY WE SHOULD CARE

2.1 Introduction 2.2 The world’s biggest drug market is growing and uncharted 2.3. The emergence of ‘new cannabis’and the reassessment of health risks 2.4 Conclusion Annex 1: The plant and the drug Annex 2: Estimating yield Annex 3: Estimating individual consumption

Volume Il. Statistics

CHAPTER 3:

CHAPTER 4:

CHAPTER 5:

CHAPTER 6:

CHAPTER 7:

PRODUCTION 34 (Opin | HeOh siecle elec condo oo base 5S othe bdewewewweadas 209 BLL Atghatistat: cds ceed eenee seed ester i teehee eseeg esas eed 211 Silo Myaiinat ics dariaiaandadie subs fhe eee ss dukes een dees 220 3:13 Lao PDR. ovec - cid ect os adiane Sied che dal a Gaeewe es eee eds 227 3.4. ‘Colombians: sg hoes tees ohne ee Ee Rae Ne eee eae beet bed 232 3.1.5 Seizures of illicit laboratories 6.1... 0... eee eee eee 235 9:2) (Coca Cocaine 42S ngs oo aa saan a eet ote taht Sa Meee Oe 237 Sal MCOlOMDIA, Netost ae beers fe tenet ie ee Gee eae Ae 239 DDD Pet esses 65 as 42d a4 bask Haw Salud dbase alse beeen Qa aves 246 DDD BOVE acetates a4 cee aera ie tee eee 253 3.2.4 Seizures of illicit laboratories ......... 0. eee eee eee 259 5 es a (GE 080 Ce ne a 261 DiS MOLOceO: <55 tie a ag Saas h sea CBw SOND Ra Racers ae oe a 261 3.3.2 Seizures of illicit laboratories ......... 000s 264 3.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants (Seizures of illicit laboratories) ............ 265 3.5 Other drugs (Seizures of illicit laboratories) .....................0.0000. 269 SEIZURES 4.1 Opiates: Seizures, 1999-2004 20... cee ec eee eens 275 4.2 Cocaine: Seizures, 1999-2004 ..... 0... eee eee ee een 300 4.3, Cannabis: Seizures, 1999-2004 .... 00... ce eee eee 309 4.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants: Seizures, 1999-2004 ...............0... 334 PRICES 5.1 Opiates: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels .............000220005 363 5.2 Cocaine: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels.............. 0.000008 368 5.3 Cannabis: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels............0..--0005 372

5.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels ... .377

CONSUMPTION

6.1 Annual prevalence of drug abuse ................00 000000 c ee eee eee 383 6.1 Opiates: cis cies geen acne pee sae eeaeuentueeteeeesweaede ie 383 G.L2° (COGae: site da ted nae teteds teatime nema gewemateds 385 G13: (Cannabis? cease orn en evebrariunese seg esuseateeteweddas 386 6.1.4 Amphetamines’... 0c cc0. seceasdeandens oem tees ea eteaewets 388 6.15 ECStasy: otic ec cidade oo deae beacayad ewe ede mewedte 390

6.2 Treatment demand (primary drugs of abuse) ...................0202000. 391

Method Glogy ss i8 ee tede cadre Ges ORE ela da ean s eh Re ae 399

5. PRODUCTION

Production: Opium/heroin

3.1 Opium/heroin

OPIUM GLOBAL ILLICIT CULTIVATION OF OPIUM POPPY AND PRODUCTION OF OPIUM, 1990-2005

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

CULTIVATION™ IN HECTARES SOUTH-WEST ASIA

Afghanistan 41,300 50,800 49,300 58,300 71,470 53,759 56,824 58,416 63,674 90,583 82,171 7,606 74,100 80,000 131,000 104,000 Pakistan 7,488 7,962 9,493 7,329 5,759 5,091 873 874 950 284 260 213 622 2,500 1,500 2,400 Subtotal 48,788 58,762 58,793 65,629 77,229 58,850 57,697 59,290 64,624 90,867 82,431 7,819 74,722 82,500 132,500 106,400

SOUTH-EAST ASIA

Lao PDR 30,580 29,625 19,190 26,040 18,520 19,650 21,601 24,082 26,837 22,543 19,052 17,255 14,000 12,000 6,600 1,800

Myanmar 150,100 160,000 153,700 165,800 146,600 154,070 163,000 155,150 130,300 89,500 108,700 105,000 81,400 62,200 44,200 32,800

Thailand 1,782 3,727. 3,016 998 478 168 368 352 716 702 890 820 750

Viet Nam ” 18,000 17,000 12,199 4,268 3,066 «1,880 1,743 340 442 442

Subtotal 200,462 210,352 188,105 197,106 168,664 175,768 186,712 179,924 158,295 113,187 128,642 123,075 96,150 74,200 50,800 34,600 LATIN AMERICA,

Colombia” 1,160 6,578 5,008 15,091 5,226 4,916 6,584 7,350 6,500 6,500 4,300 «= 4,100 4,100 3,950 2,000

Mexico “ 5,450 3,765 3,310 3,960 5,795 5,050 5,100 4,000 5,500 3,600 1,900» 4,400» 2,700 4,800 3,500 3,300

Subtotal 5,450 4,925 9,888 8,968 20,886 10,276 + :10,016 10,584 «12,850 10,100 8,400 ~—-8,700 = 6,800 8,900 7,450 5,300 OTHER

Combined © 8,054 7,521 2,900 5,704 5,700 5,025 3,190 2,050 2,050 2,050 2,479 2,500 2,500 3,000 5,190 5,200

GRAND TOTAL 262,754 281,560 259,686 277,407 272,479 249,919 257,615 251,848 237,819 216,204 221,952 142,094 180,172 168,600 195,940 151,500

POTENTIAL PRODUCTION IN METRIC TONS

opium“ SOUTH-WEST ASIA Afghanistan 1,570 1,980 1,970 2,330 3,416 2,335 2,248 = 2,804 2,693 4,565 3,276 185 3,400 3,600 4,200 4,100 Pakistan 150 160 181 161 128 112 24 24 26 9 8 5 5 52 40 6l Subtotal 1,720 2,140 2,151 2,491 3,544 2,447 2,272 2,828 2,719 4,574 3,284 190 3,405 3,652 4,240 4,161 SOUTH-EAST ASIA Lao PDR 202 196 127 169 120 128 140 147 124 124 167 134 112 120 4B 14 Myanmar 1,621 1,728 1,660 1,791 1,583 1,664 1,760 1,676 1,303 895 1,087 1,097 828 810 370 312 Thailand ” 20 23 14 17 3 2 5 4 8 8 6 6 9 Viet Nam ” 90 85 61 21 15 9 9 2 2 2 Subtotal 1,933 2,032 1,862 1,998 1,721 1,803 1,914 1,829 1,437 1,029 1,260 1,237 949 930 413 326 LATIN AMERICA Colombia © 16 90 68 205 71 67 90 100 88 88 80 76 76 56 28 Mexico ® 62 4l 40 49 60 53 54 46 60 43 21 71 47 - 73 69 Subtotal 62 57 130 117 265 124 121 136 160 131 109 151 123 76 129 oy OTHER Combined ® 45 45 - 4 90 78 48 30 30 30 38 18 14 4 68 36 GRAND TOTAL 3,760 4,274 «4,143 4,610 5,620 4,452 4,355 «4,823 4,346 5,764 4,691 1,596 4,491 4,662 4,850 4,620 HEROIN Potential HEROIN 376 427 414 461 562 445 436 482 435 576 469 160 449 466 495® 472

(a) Opium poppy harvestable after eradication.

(b) Due to small production, cultivation and production were included in the category " Other", for Viet Nam as of 2000 and for Thailand as of 2003.

(c) According to the Government of Colombia, cultivation covered 7,350 ha and 6,500 ha and production amounted to 73 mt and 65 mt in 1998 and 1999 respectively.

(d) As its survey system is under development, the Government of Mexico indicates it can neither provide cultivation estimates nor endorse those published by UNODC, which are derived from US Government surveys.

(e) Includes countries such as Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, Caucasus region, other C.I.S. countries, Baltic countries, Guatemala, Peru, Viet Nam (as of 2000), Thailand (as of 2003), India, Egypt and Lebanon.

(f) All figures refer to dry opium.

(g) Heroin estimates are based on the Afghanistan Opium Survey (430 mt in 2004 and 420 mt in 2005). For other countries, a 10:1 ratio is used for conversion from opium to heroin.

209

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

3.1.1. Afghanistan

During the 1990s, Afghanistan firmly established itself as the largest source of illicit opium and its derivative, heroin, in the world. In 2005, opium poppy cultivation decreased for the first time after three consecutive years of increases.

While area under opium poppy cultivation decreases...

The area under opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan decreased by 21per cent from about 131,000 hectares in 2004 to 104,000 ha in 2005. Opium poppy cultivation decreased in 19 provinces, while an increase was noted in ten provinces. Seven provinces, mainly situated close to Kabul, had only negligible amounts of opium poppy fields. As a new development, 35 per cent of farmers reported that they decreased opium poppy cultivation due to fear of eradication. The main opium poppy cultivation provinces in 2005 were Hilmand, Kandahar, Balkh, Farah and Badakshan. Together, these five provinces represented 65per cent of the total area under opium poppy cultivation.

...favourable climatic conditions result in only a slight decrease compared to 2004

Potential opium production was estimated at around 4,100 mt, representing a 2.4 per cent decrease compared to 2004. The apparent discrepancy between the large decrease in cultivation and the relatively small decrease in production was due to the prevailing climatic condition during the growing season, which were favourable for opium poppy. Consequently, the opium yield in 2005 was estimated at 39 kg/ha, a 22 per cent increase compared to the 2004 yield figure of only 32 kg/ha.

Prices for dry opium remain stable...

The prices for dry opium remained essentially stable with a weighted average of US$ 138 in 2005. Regional price differences are pronounced: while low prices in northern Afghanistan (US$ 112) reflect strong production increases, the highest prices (US$ 235) can be found in central Afghanistan where production practically ceased in 2005.

...but household income of the estimated 2 million growers of opium poppy decreases...

The number of families involved in opium poppy cultivation decreased by 13 per cent to 309,000 in 2005. Thus, about 2 million persons or 8.7 per cent of the total population or 11 per cent of the rural population in Afghanistan are involved in cultivating opium poppy. Due to the higher yields, the yearly gross income per opium growing family increased by 6 per cent to US$ 1,800 in 2005. The gross income from opium poppy cultivation per hectare increased to US$ 5,400. This is almost 10 times higher than the gross income a farmer could expect from one hectare of wheat.

Lower production and lower prices result in lower farm gate value...

Based on opium production and reported opium prices, the farm-gate value of the 2005 opium harvest amounted to US$ 560 million. Slightly lower production (-2.4 per cent) and lower prices (-3 per cent) contributed to this 6 per cent reduction compared to 2004. In 2005, the farm-gate value of opium production was equivalent to 11 per cent of the country's GDP, down from 13 per cent a year earlier.

About 5 percent of opium poppy cultivation are eradicated

Afghanistan's first comprehensive eradication programme was initiated during the 2004-2005 growing season. UNODC verified the eradication of some 4,000 ha of opium poppy by provincial governors. In addition, the government reported the eradication of 1,100 ha through other agencies. Thus, total eradication amounted to some 5,100 ha, equivalent to roughly 5 per cent of opium poppy cultivation in 2005.

211

World Drug Report 2006

Fact sheet - Afghanistan opium survey 2005

2004 Variation 2005 on 2004 Net opium poppy cultivation 131,000 ha - 21% 104,000 ha in percent of actual agricultural land 2.9% 2.3% number of provinces affected’ 32 (all) 25 Average opium yield 32 kg/ha 22% 39 kg/ha Production of opium 4200 mt -2.4% 4,100 mt in percent of world illicit opium 87% 88%2 production Number of households involved in opium 356,000 - 13% 309,000 cultivation Number of persons involved in opium 23 million 2.0 million cultivation in percent of total population (23 million) 10% 8.7% rabies farm-gate price of dry opium at US$ 142 - 3% US$ 138/kg arvest time . 5 US $ 4.7 5 US $ 5.2 Afghanistan GDP billion +10.4% billion Total export value of opium to neighbouring US$ 2.8 US$ 2.7 i “iT: - 3.6% Yr, countries billion billion in percent of GDP 61% 52% gross trafficking profits of Afghan US$ 2.2 2.7% US$ 2.14 traffickers billion ae billion total farm-gate value of opium US$ 600 US$ 560 : on - 6.6% ae production: million million Household average yearly gross income from US$ 1,700 6% US$ 1,800 opium of opium growing families Per capita gross income from opium of US$ 260 US$ 280 opium growing families Afghanistan’s GDP per capita US$ 206 US$ 226 Indicative gross income from opium per ha US$ 4,600 +17% US$ 5,400 Indicative gross income from wheat per ha US$ 390 +41% US$ 550

' Tn 2005, the Afghan Government reorganized the country’s administrative division into 34 provinces. However, the 2005 opium survey was designed, and its results are presented, according to the previous administrative division into 32 provinces.

? Preliminary estimate

5 Source: Afghan Government, Central Statistics Office: GDP figures for the year (2003/2004): Afs 223,629 millions and for the year (2004/2005): Afs : 254,487 millions.

212

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Afghanistan, Opium Poppy Cultivation (thousands of ha), 1990 to 2005

150,000

125,000

100,000

Hectares

75,000

50,000

- | | | | | | | | | 1990 | 1991 ] 1992 1994 | 1995 ] 1996 | 1997 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 [Cultivation | 41,000 [51,000 | 49,000 | 58,000 | 71,000 | 54,000 | 57,000 | 58,000 | 64,000 | 91,000 82,000 8,000 ] 74,000 | 80,000 [131,000]104,000

Afghanistan, largest opium poppy cultivating provinces (ha), 2005

% one year | % of total in |Cumulative % change 2005 in 2005

Provinces

Hilmand 29,353 26,500 Kandahar 4,959 12,989 Balkh 2,495 10,837 Farah 2,288 10,240 Badakshan 15,607 7,370 Nangarhar 28,213 1,093 Rest of the country 76,298 36,064 Total (rounded) 131,000 105,100

Afghanistan, potential opium production by region and at the national level, 2005

Share of total Change (mt) | Change(%) | production in 2005

Production in | Production in

Heel 2004 (mt) 2005 (mt)

Southern Northern

Western North-Eastern Eastern Central

Total (rounded)

213

World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics

Afghanistan, Opium production,1990 to 2005

5,000

4,000

3,000

Metric tons

2,000

1,000

0 J |__| = =) l | Zt J 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 Production |1,570|1,980|1,970/2,330/3,416 )2,335|2,248/2,804 /2,693|4,565|3,276| 185 /3,400|3,600|4,200|4,100

Afghanistan, opium production by region in 2005

Central East astern 0%

North-Eastern 4% Southern 9% 43%

Western 17%

Northern 27%

214

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Afghanistan, opium poppy cultivation 2003

Legend @ = Main Cities

International Boundaries Province Boundaries District Boundaries

District Opium Poppy Cultivation (ha)

[] 1-250 ha

PAKISTAN [ 251 - 500 ha

(EG 501- 1000 ha

N 0 50 100 GS 1001 - 2500 ha

A Kilometers HEEB zbove 2500ha

Geographic Projection Datum: WGS 84 considered poppy free

Source: CND - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2003

Afghanistan, opium poppy cultivation 2004

i 15

PAKISTAN

Ao % - Nangarher a Geographic Projection QO 25 60 Datum: WGS 84 ) Kilometers

Source: CND - UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2004

215

World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics

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216

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Afghanistan, farm gate prices for dry opium (US$/kg),1992-2006

600

By/$sn

go~dy 90-4e/ 90-484 go-uer g0-08q GO-AON S0-90 go-des go-6ny so-inr so-unr go-Aew soudy go-JeWN s0-qe4 go-uer v0-09q vO-AON 70-90 v0-des vo-6ny vo-inr vo-unr vo-Aew voudy vo-seWN v0-494 vo-uer €0-0eq €0-AON €0-90 €0-des €0-6ny €0-1nr eo-unr €0-Aew eoudy €0-JeN €0-484 eo-uer z0-098q ZO-AON

Trend for dry opium

[Dry opium

Afghanistan, opium farm gate prices ($US/kg), 2005

Dry opium

Period

Jan-05

Feb-05

Mar-05

Apr-05

May-05 Jun-05 Jul-05

05

Aug- Sep-05

Oct-05

Nov-05 Dec-05 Jan-06

Feb-06

Mar-06 Apr-06

134

n = number of observations

217

World Drug Report 2006

Prices of dry opium collected from traders in Nangarhar and Kandahar in US$ per kg.

simple Nangarhar Kandahar airaple average average

Nangarhar Kandahar

218

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

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219

World Drug Report 2006

3.1.2. Myanmar

During the last decade, policies by both the central government and local authorities continued to promote a rapid reduction in opium cultivation. Despite these efforts, Myanmar continues to be the main opium producer in Southeast Asia and the second largest opium producer in the world. The country’s share of the world opium poppy cultivation fell slightly from 23 per cent in 2004 to 21 per cent in 2005.

Estimated area under opium poppy cultivation area decreases by 26 per cent

In 2005, the total area under opium poppy cultivation was estimated at 32,800 ha, representing a decrease of 26 per cent against 2004. Ninety percent of the total opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar took place in the Shan State.

Estimated opium production declines by 16 per cent

Higher yields effectively doubled opium production in South Shan State in 2005, although production continued to decrease in other areas. The weighted national average opium yield was therefore estimated at 9.5 kg/ha against 8 kg/ha in 2004. In 2005, the total estimated production of opium was around 312 mt, a 16 per cent decrease compared to the previous year.

Eradication

Official reports from the Myanmar Government indicate that 3,907 ha of opium poppy were eradicated in 2005, an increase of 39 per cent compared to 2004. In the Shan State, the level of eradication remained similar to 2004, while eradication activities increased by more than 900 per cent in Kachin State, reflecting intensified government efforts to control opium poppy cultivation in this state.

Farm gate prices increase by 22 per cent

The average farm gate price of opium at harvest time was estimated at US$ 187/kg. This represents an increase of 22 per cent compared to 2004 (US$ 153/kg).

Household income in Shan State

The average annual cash income of opium producing households in 2005 was estimated at US$ 292. This is an increase of 36 per cent against the previous year. The average income of non-opium producing households, however, was 20 per cent higher (US$ 364), thus confirming the link between poverty and opium production.

Farm gate value

The average farm gate value of the countries opium production of 312 mt was estimated to be US$ 58 million, equivalent to 0.7 per cent of the country's GDP.

Addiction

In Myanmar, opium addiction remains closely linked to opium production. On average, opium addiction affected 0.57 per cent of the adult population in 2005, but 1.74 per cent of the population in opium-growing villages. This is significantly higher than in non-opium growing villages, were only 0.28 per cent of the adult population is addicted to opium.

220

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Fact sheet: Myanmar Opium Survey 2005

2004 VARIATION ON 2004 2005 ae * caiaalrsy

Potential production of

eb ae ei 370 me -16% 312 me (including the Shan State)

oe 2,820 ha +39% 3,907 ha Total potential value of as 5 US $ 58 million opium production Up rmulien (0.7% of GDP)

Estimated number of households involved in opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar

Number of persons involved in opium poppy 1.3 million cultivation in Myanmar’ Estimated number of households involved in opium poppy cultivation in the Shan State Household average yearly income in opium producing household (Shan State)

260,000 193,000

965,000

240,000

181,000

+36% US$ 292

US$ 152 (or 52%)

of which from opium sale +14%

Per capita income in opium producing households (Shan State)

Household average yearly

eae apn api US$ 276 +32% US$ 364 poppy producing

household (Shan State)

Per capita income in non-

opium producing US$ 55 US$ 73 households (Shan State)

Addiction prevalence rate

in Shan State (Population 0.61% -7% 0.57% aged 15 and above)

Estimated number of

opium addicts in Shan 20,600 5% 19,600 State

US$ 58

4 In 2005, no estimates were available for Kayah State and Sagaing Division, which had, respectively, 1,300 ha and 800 ha under opium poppy cultivation in 2004.

> Official CCDAC statistics.

6 Last year’s estimates for the average opium price in 2004, as well as the 2004 potential farm gate value, have been updated with data collected during the 2005 Myanmar Opium Survey.

7 In 2004, as well as in 2005, the average number of people per household was 5.

221

World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics

Myanmar, opium poppy cultivation (thousand of ha), 1990 - 2005

200,000 160,000

120,000

Hectares

80,000

40,000

0

1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005

Cultivation |150,10/160,00/153,70|165,80)146,60)/154,07)163,00)155, 15|130,30|89,500 |108,70)105,00)81,400/62,200|44,200|32,800

Myanmar, opium poppy cultivation, 2004 and 2005

2004 Planted Surface | 2005 Planted Surface

CUBE Te STI Estimate (ha) Estimate (ha)

Variation (%)

North Shan 2,570 -57%

South Shan 11,280 7%

East Shan 3,960 -49%

Special Region No. 2 (Wa) 16,750 12,960 -23%

Total (Shan States) 30,800 -25%

Outside Shan State* 2,000 -38%

National Total 32,800 -26%

*In 2004, this included estimates for Kachin State, Sagaing Division and Kayah State. In 2005, only Kachin State was covered.

Potential 2005 opium yield

Administrative Unit Production (metric tons)

North Shan 25 South Shan 151

East Shan 21

Special Region 2 (Wa) 96 Total Shan State 293

Kachin State 19

Rounded National Total 312

222

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Myanmar opium production (metric tons), 1990-2005

2,000 1,500

1,000

metric tons

500

0 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998] 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005

Production |1,621]1,728)1,660|1,791|1,583}1,664/1,760)1,676]1,303) 895 |1,087/1,097| 828 | 810 | 370 | 312

Monthly Opium Prices at the Mong Pawk Market, Wa Special Region 2, Eastern Shan State (US$/Kg), 1999-2005

Year Jan Feb Mar | Apr | May | Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1999 172 97 110 125 136 123 133 152 119 173 144 163

2003 165 126 117 128 132 138 146 139 137 146 152 155 2004 160 151 216 215 219 219 202 205 177 176 230 273 2005 204 211 213 225 252 219 304 315 321 333 341 356

Monthly opium prices at the Mong Pawk Market, Wa Special Region 2, Eastern Shan State (US$/Kg), 1999-2005

400 350 300

250

US$/KG

200

150

223

World Drug Report 2006

Average opium poppy prices in the Shan State at harvest time (US$/kg)

Region 2004 2005 Non growing Growing Non growing Growing villages villages villages villages

East Shan 175 124 236 139 North Shan 175 165 239 187 South Shan 152 130 195 178 S.R. 2 (Wa) N/a 177 Nia 192 Weighted National Average US$ 153 US$ 187

Average household income for opium poppy growing and non-growing villages in Shan State (US$), 2005

Source of Income Average Household Income In non-opium poppy In opium poppy growing villages growing villages Rice 77 35 Remittances 37 5 Other agricultural crops 24 Livestock and poultry 28 Handicraft and trading 1 Forest product 11 0 Other 67 14 Total 364 293

Regional distribution of opium addiction in the Shan State, as reported by village headmen, 2005

North South East S.R.2 Total Shan Shan Shan Shan (Wa) State

% of total addicts in 17% 30% 42% 11% 100% Shan State

Gender distribution of opium addiction in the Shan State, as reported by village headmen, 2005

North South East S.R.2 Total Shan Shan Shan Shan (Wa) State % male addicts 93% 97% 80% 77% 87% % female addicts 7% 3% 20% 23% 13%

224

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Opium addiction in the Shan State, as reported by village headmen, 2005

Number of Village grouping villages sampled

% of opium addicts in population (age 15 and above)

Total population Number of (age 15 and above) addicts

Villages growing opium 148 17,566 306 1.74%

Villages not growing opium

Total villages sampled 87,310

323 69,744 194 0.28%

Prevalence of opium addiction of population aged 15 and above in the Shan State, 2003-2005

0.63% 0.61% 0.57% 0.70% 0.60% 0.50% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.10% 0.00%

2003 2004 2005

Myanmar, official eradication figures, 2004-2005

Administrative Unit 2004 (ha) 2005 (ha) Variation (%)

North Shan State 1,211 604%

South Shan State -45%

East Shan State -36%

Shan State 7

Kachin State 964%

Chin State ‘

Sagaing -77%

Total 2,820 3,907 39%

Source: Central committee for drug abuse control (CCDAC, Myanmar)

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World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics

Myanmar Shan State* opium poppy cultivation change, 2003-2005

Legend Cultivation (ha) @ = Main cities fe] Cultivation in 2003 (ha) al International Boundaries | Cultivation in 2004 (ha) Shan State =q Cultivation in 2005 (ha)

| State Boundaries a] considered poppy free

Sagaing Divisio.

| Area Surveyed

Mandalay Division

THAILAND

@ 23) slo) 100

Ns A Kilometers

Bago Kayi Divisiontate Projection: Geographic Datum: WGS 84

*Opium poppy cultivation in the Shan state accounts for 90% of the national poppy area. Source: Government of Myanmar - National monitoring system supported by UNODC.

226

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

3.1.3. Lao PDR

For the first time in many years, it can be assumed that Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is no longer an important producer of opium or a supplier of illegal opiates to the world market. Since the government's decision to eradicate opium poppy cultivation, the area cultivated has experienced a steady decline.

Area under opium poppy cultivation declines significantly

The total area under opium poppy cultivation for the 2005 season was estimated at 1,800 ha, a decrease of 73 per cent compared to the previous year. The number of households engaged in opium poppy cultivation decreased from 22,800 in 2004 to 6,200 in 2005, representing 2 per cent of the total households in the north of the country. (Northern Laos).

Estimated opium production drops by 67 per cent, compared to 2004

The average national opium yield for 2005 was estimated at 8 kg/ha, which results in an estimate of 14 mt production of opium for the year 2005. This is a 67 per cent reduction compared to 2004.

Opium prices increase by 139 per cent, reflecting the scarcity of opium

The average farm gate price of opium was US$ 521, which represents an increase of 139 per cent compared to the price of the previous year. This huge increase reflects the scarcity of opium produced during this season due to the reduction of opium poppy cultivation.

Opium production associated with poverty

The average annual cash income of opium producing households was estimated at US$ 139 (1,457,000 Lao kip-LAK), while the average annual cash income of a non-opium producing household was US$ 231 (2,418,000 LAK). This discrepancy indicates that opium production is linked to poverty, as opium producing households are often characterized by lower productivity due to addiction of one or several of their members.

Average addiction rate is 1 percent, higher among men than among women

Opium addiction is a phenomenon affecting mainly men. In 2005, the average drug addiction rate (in 10 northern provinces) was 1 per cent among the population aged 15 years and above. Opium addiction is more widespread among men than among women (1.5 per cent men vs. 0.6 per cent women in the sample). As a general trend, addiction is declining in the country.

Eradication

The Government of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic reported the eradication of 2575 ha of opium poppy during the 2004-2005 growing season.

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World Drug Report 2006

Fact sheet: Lao PDR Opium Survey 2005

2004 Variation on 2004 2005

Opium poppy cultivation 6,600 ha -73% 1,800 ha®

Average opium yield 6.5 kg/ha 8 kg/ha

Potential production of opium 43 mt -67% Number of villages growing opium 846 -68 % 270

Poppy

Number of households cultivating opium 22,800 73% 6,200

Poppy

2,280,000 5,461,000 Average farm gate price of opium kip/kg kip/kg (US$218/kg) (US$521/kg)’

Total potential value of opium

‘ US$9,400,000 production

US$7,378,000

Average annual cash income of opium

poppy growing households

1,457,000 kip (US$139)"

Opium growing households with rice deficit

Average annual cash income of a households not cultivating opium poppy Pa

Non-opium growing households with

rice deficit ate : Number of opium addicts" 28,000 -28% Average drug addiction (10 northern 2.6% - 1%

provinces) rate”

’The estimate does not account for eradication of standing crops after the survey.

9 Based on an average exchange rate of 10,370 kip/US$ from December 2004 to Match 2005. 10 Based on an average exchange rate of 10,480 kip/US$ from January 2004 to December 2004. 'l Source: LCDC, May 2005. Figure refers to number of addicts in all 11 northern provinces. Refers to 11 northern provinces in 2004 and to 8 northern provinces in 2005.

228

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Lao PDR, opium poppy cultivation (ha), 1990-2005

40,000 30,000 n 2 g o 7 20,000 10,000 0 O 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 Cultivation |30,580|29,625|19,190|26,040|18,520|19,650|21,601/24,082]26,837]22,543] 19,052/17,255/14,000|12,000| 6,600 | 1,800 Lao PDR, potential opium production (metric tons), 1990-2005 250 200 2 8 150 = = @ = 100 50 0 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994] 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 Production | 202 | 196 | 127 | 169 | 120 | 128 | 140 | 147 | 124 | 124 | 167 | 134) 112 | 120 | 43 | 14

Lao PDR, Evolution of the value of opium production, 2002-2005

Year

2002

2003

2004

2005

Price per kg of opium (KIP)

1,600,000

1,824,000

2,280,000

5,461,000

KIP/$ Exchange rate

10,166

10,590

10,441

10,370

Price per kg of opium ($)

$160

$172

$218

$521

Value of Production ($ million)

18

21

9.4

7.4

Variation

17%

-55%

-21%

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World Drug Report 2006 Volume 2. Statistics

Average sources of village household income

Handicraft and

Opium trading 4%

Salaries 9%

Livestock and

poultry 50%

Remittance 2% NTFP Other 2% agricultural products

8%

Lao PDR, Number of opium addicts 2000-2005

Addicts

63,000 58,000

53,000

30,000

29,000

20,000

Addicts 2005] Prevalence % Bide

270,100 5,368 4,881 3,948 : -26%

138,000 2,896 1,400 -52%

Luang Prabang 384,300 5,513 5,368 3,000 : -46% Oudomxay 250,800 3,012 2,085 ; -31% Phongsaly 150,000 5,362 3,997 -25%

Xieng Khouang 222,000 3,158 2,898 2,157 -32% Bokeo 145,000 793 1,119 700 : -12% 2 :

365,400 1,301 1,213 -7%

86 Xaisomboun SR 34,800 516 124

Total 2,538,200 29,961 28,946 20,160 0.8 -33% Source: LCDC, May 2005

3

230

3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Opium poppy eradication as reported by the Lao Government (ha)

Hectares

4,134

3,556

2,575

231

World Drug Report 2006

3.1.4. Colombia

In Colombia, opium is harvested in the form of latex. This is unlike in Asia where opium is harvest as a denser gum. In Colombia, opium poppy cultivation is confined to the mountainous areas because it requires low temperatures at some stages in the growth cycle. Opium poppy is therefore not found in association with coca cultivation, which is rather located on the low land.

Area under opium poppy cultivation decreases

The Colombian Anti-narcotics police (DIRAN) estimates the area under opium poppy cultivation at about 1,950 hectares in 2005, a decrease of 51 per cent against the 3,950 hectares of 2004.

Colombia's share in world heroin production falling

According to DIRAN and the United States Government, opium poppy fields in Colombia yield about 15 kg per opium latex per hectare and harvest. Assuming an average of two harvests per year, total opium latex production of 2005 is estimated at 59 metric tons, an equivalent of 2.5 metric tons of heroin. This represents 0.5 per cent of the global heroin production of 472 metric tons compared to 1 per cent in 2004.

Prices increase while the atea under cultivation shrinks

The decrease in the cultivation area was associated with a marked increase in prices. Opium latex prices from the Sur de Bolivar and Pacific regions have continuously risen since May 2005. This trend is clearly shown in the development of annual average prices of opium latex prices which grew from US$ 164/kg in 2004 to US$ 220/kg in 2005, an increase of 34 per cent. Heroin also became more expensive: Annual average prices of heroin went up from US$ 7,635/kg in 2004 to US$ 9,050/kg in 2005, an increase of 19 per cent.

Eradication

For 2005, DIRAN reports the spraying of 1,624 hectares and the manual eradication of 497 hectares of opium poppy. The area sprayed decreased 47 per cent and the area eradicated manually 38 per cent against 2004 (3,062 hectares and 804 hectares respectively).

Fact sheet: Colombia opium cultivation and production

Variation on 2004

Reported opium poppy cultivation (rounded) 3,950 ha 1,950 ha

Reported eradication of opium poppy 3,866 2,121 ha

Average farm-gate price of opium latex US$ 164 /kg US$ 230 /kg

Potential opium latex production 119 mt 59 mt

Average heroin price US$ 7,635 /kg US$ 9,050

Reported seizure of heroin 773 kg -4% 745 kg

Reported destruction of illegal laboratories13 1,865 + 5% 1,953

‘3 Includes laboratories processing coca paste/base, cocaine hydrochloride, heroin, morphine, Potassium permanganate, and non-specified

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3.1. Production: Opium/heroin

Reported cumulative eradication of opium poppy by department and year (ha), 1994 - 2005

Sources: Environmental Audit of the National Narcotics Bureau Antinarcotics Police Department Department | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 , 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 Antioquia - - 120 7 - - : ‘ : : : : Caqueta - - - 383 - - - - 401 - 39 20 Cauca 102 53 123 50 - 828 | 1,601 | 387 236 550 435 69 Cesar 128 305 713 91 650 125 423 426 548 1,004 505 56 Guajira 81 177 371 = 50 - - - - 75 18 - Huila 2,057 | 1,383 715 2,175 749 1,426 | 2,421 429 545 391 913 454 Narifio - - - = - 313 1,090 630 788 725 342 626 Tolima 1,169 | 1,549 | 4,843 | 4,290 | 1,452 | 5,557 | 3,720 194 854 250 810 399 Sub-total 3,537 | 3,466 | 6,885 | 6,988 | 2,901 | 8,249 | 9,254 | 2,066 | 3,371 | 2,995 | 3,062 | 1,624 ee : : 3 : : : : 319 | 213 | 271 | 804 | 497 Total 3,537 | 3,466 | 6,885 | 6,988 | 2,901 | 8,249 | 9,254 | 2,385 | 3,577 | 3,266 | 3,866 | 2,121

Comparison of net opium poppy cultivation and cumulative eradicated area (ha), 1994 - 2005

16,000

14,000

12,000

10,000

ha

8,000

6,000

POUT EE che

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Cultivation DEradication

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World Drug Report 2006

Colombia, monthly opium latex prices (‘000 COL), 2001 - 2005

800

700

600

500

400

‘000 COL

300

200

100

0; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 08/01 12/01 04/02 08/02 12/02 04/03 08/03 12/03 04/04 08/04 12/04 04/05 08/05 12/05